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We have taken the old charts and the new charts that the Hydrographic Office produces today and made comparisons of the soundings of salient peaks and mountains. We have found them to be in astounding agreement. In this way, we have checked the old work very closely. We put very much confidence in what Captain Mallery has disclosed.
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A transcript of the entire show appears in White, JohnPoleshift, Doubleday, New York, 1980.
An amateur scientist by the name of Captain Arlington Mallery made it his mission to determine the age of the source maps used by Piri Reis. So radical were Mallerys conclusions that he hesitated to reveal them. In August 1956, he finally decided to reveal his findings on a radio show sponsored by Georgetown University. He explained that in June 1954 he was working in the map room of the Library of Congress when his friend … the Chief Engineer of the Hydrographic Office handed me a copy of a map which had been sent to him by a Turkish naval officer. He suggested that I examine it in the light of the information we already had on the ancient maps. After making an analysis of it, I took it back to him and requested that the Officer check both the latitude and longitude and the projection. When they asked why, I said, There is something in this map that no one is going to believe coming from me, and I dont know whether they will believe it coming from you. That was the fact that Columbus had with him a map that showed accurately the Palmer Peninsula in the Antarctic continent.
Rand Flem-Ath is a Canadian writer, librarian and independent scholar. He has co-authored several books with his wife, writer, Rose Flem-Ath. She is a novelist and two-time winner of the Canada Council grant for Fiction. They live in British Columbia, Canada. In 1995, Rand and Rose published the book When the Sky Fell: In Search of Atlantis, and in 2012 they co-authored Atlantis Beneath the Ice, which updated and expanded the seventeen years of research found in When the Sky Fell.
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A week later a copy ofMaps of the Ancient Sea Kingsarrived. Far from dampening our enthusiasm for the idea that Atlantis may have once been Antarctica, the book had the opposite effect. We concluded that the ancient maps of sub-glacial Antarctica provided stunning evidence in support of our theory.
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The document was the legacy of a pirate turned Turkish Admiral, Piri Reis (circa1470-1554). He was born in Gallipoli, a naval base on the Marmara Sea and was the nephew of Kemal Reis, a pirate who had reinvented himself as a Turkish Admiral adventurer who had made his name in naval warfare. At the time, the distinction between pirate and Admiral was more flexible than might be expected from looking back through a Hollywood lens.
Walters remarked on the comparisons between the Piri Reis Map and the newly (1954) discovered sub-glacial features of the Queen Maud region of Antarctica:
The projection of the Piri Reis points like an arrow at a pivotal turning point in human history. Archaeology teaches that Egyptian civilization dawnedcirca3800 BC. Can it really be mere coincidence that the Piri Reis Map looks to date from the dawn of Egyptian civilization? Far more likely that the sophisticated source maps used by Piri Reis are remnants passed on by the survivors of a lost Ice Age civilization a seafaring civilization that had mapped the world (including parts of Antarcticas coastline when it was ice-free) long before the first Egyptian pyramids were built.
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MALLERY: Several thousand years before. Not only explorers, but they must also have had a very competent and far-flung hydrographic organization, because you cannot map as large a continent as Antarctica as we know they did – probably 5,000 years ago. It cant be done by any single individual or small group of explorers. It means an aggregation of skilled scientists who are familiar with astronomy as well as the methods required for topographic surveying.
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Painting of James Weddells second expedition to Antarctica in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutterBeaufroy. (Public Domain)
Hapgood, Charles H.Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age, Chilton, Philadelphia, 1966, page 2.
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WALTERS: These maps go back 5,000 years and even earlier. But they contain data that go back many thousands of years previous to that.
Your request for evaluating certain unusual features of the Piri Reis World Map of 1513 by this organization has been reviewed.
The equidistant projection was one that was very familiar to the cartographic staff of the Strategic Air Command at Westover Air Force Base in Massachusetts. It was used to target Soviet military and economic assets. For example, a map drawn using Moscow as its center allowed the military to calculate the quickest delivery time for a missile to travel from any NATO base to the Soviet capital. The closest NATO missile base to Moscow was in Turkey. In November 1962 when Soviet missiles were introduced to Cuba, an equidistant projection map centered on Castros island revealed in stark detail how much United States territory could be targeted. The Cuban Missile Crisis was only resolved when JFK (secretly) proposed a delayed withdraw of NATO missiles from Turkey in exchange for Khrushchevs removal of the USSR missiles in Cuba.
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The ice cap in this region is now about a mile thick. We have no idea how the data on this map can be reconciled with the supposed state of geographic knowledge in 1513.
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Conventional wisdom dictated that the island continent hadnt been discovered until 1818.
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This is interesting, especially in light of an LA Times article I remember from when I was younger that claims Jewish Rabbis chose the year Adam is said to have left the Garden of Eden and became civilized to start the Jewish calendar. Perhaps that whole Enoch and the Watchers/educators thing isnt really as far fetched as they once thought.
The Illustrated London News,27 February 1932, page 307.
HOST: Mr. Mallery, this must then lead to the conclusion that there were competent explorers and map makers along the coast of the Atlantic long before Columbus.
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Piri Reis sailed with his famous uncle from 1487 to 1493. During these voyages, he was introduced to the lucrative spoils of piracy. The fleet fought pirates and captured and plundered enemy ships. In 1495, Kemal Reis great skill in the art of battle earned him an invitation to join the Imperial Turkish Fleet. His nephew accompanied him to his new assignment. The pirates were transformed into respectable Admirals.
The United Nations Flag is an equidistant projection as seen from the North Pole. (Public Domain)
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The general public first learned of the existence of the Piri Reis map in the 27 February 1932 issue of theIllustrated London News. Entitled, A Columbus Controversy: America And Two Atlantic Charts, the article noted that: … Columbus got little further than the mouth of the Orinoco, in Venezuela, in his voyage along the coast of South America in 1498, so that the stretches of the South American coast given in the Piri Reiss chart must have been copied from other sources.
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Charles Hapgood to Mr. Arch C. Gerlach, the Chief of the Map Division at Library of Congress, 30 October 1960 (Hapgoods Archives at Yale University Box 16).
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Map of the world by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis, drawn in 1513. (Public Domain)
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What I found, after long research, was that many maps considered of medieval or Renaissance origin are in fact copies of copies of maps drawn in very remote antiquity, and among them is one showing a deglacial Antarctica. I was able to solve the projections of these maps with the help of a mathematician, and have them confirmed by the Cartographic staff of the Strategic Air Command at Westover Air Force Base in Massachusetts.
Hapgood and his students (notably Frank Ryan) spent months trying to determine the exact center of the Piri Reis Map. At first, Hapgood was convinced that it was the city of Syene where Eratosthenes, the librarian and father of geography, had made his famous calculations about the size of the earth. Hapgood submitted this suggestion to the cartographic crew at Westover Air Force Base. Captain Burroughs concurred. He wrote: …Piri Reis use of the portolano projection (centered on Syene, Egypt) was an excellent choice…
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HMNZS WELLINGTON off the Antarctic Coastline. (New Zealand Defence Force/CC BY 2.0)
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Today, the Tropic of Cancer lies near Syene but not precisely over it. The difference in distance is small but Hapgood and his students wanted to be exact in their calculations. There was considerable debate whether or not to use the measurement from the ancient city or from the climatic marker. Hapgood mistakenly assumed that it had to be an either/or choice between Syene and the Tropic of Cancer. It was a false choice because there was a time when the Tropic of Cancer lay directly over Syene. The clue to that synchronicity of time and place lies within the very projection of the Piri Reis Map. But first a critical question must be answered.Whendid the Tropic of Cancer and Syene last sharethe same latitude?
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One of the oddities about the Piri Reis map was that it had been drawn using an extremely sophisticated projection. An equidistant projection depicts the features of the earth from a single point on its surface. This projection can be calculated from any spot on the globe. Perhaps the most familiar equidistant projection is the blue and white flag of the United Nations, centered on the North Pole.
Astronomers have concluded that it takes a century for the Tropic of Cancer to drift 40 seconds of latitude. This gives us a formula for our calculations and enables us to bulls-eye the date when the original mapmakers were at work. Syene is 38 minutes and 30 seconds from todays Tropic of Cancer. This is 2280 (38 x 60 to convert minutes to seconds) plus the 30 seconds give us a total of 2310 seconds difference. We then divide these seconds by 40 to find that the Syene was last on the Tropic of Cancer some 57.75 centuries ago. By calculating the difference in distance from the latitude of todays Tropic of Cancer (23:27N) to that of Syene (24:05:30N) we discover the answer about 5775 years ago that is,circa3760 BC. Its noteworthy that the Jewish calendar begins on this date.
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Charles Hapgood explained to Arch C. Gerlach (Chief of the Map Division at the Library of Congress) that the Piri Reis map: required more astronomy than was known in the Renaissance. The mathematics require that whoever constructed it had to know the linear distance from Syene to the North Pole to within a degree of accuracy. Piri Reis did not know that, neither did Columbus
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Despite the fact that professionals had verified Syene as the center of the map, Hapgood remained skeptical. He thought that the ancients would have been more likely to use the Tropic of Cancer which divides the tropical from the temperate climatic zones. Hapgood was certain that such an important global marker would have been highly significant to the ancient navigators.
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After the publication of the first edition ofWhen the Sky Fellin January 1995, we returned to the Piri Reis map to determine if there were grounds to support Mallery and Hapgoods claim that the source maps used in the construction of the Piri Reis map were hundreds of years older than the 1513 date of its construction.
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We see below how the complete map must have looked based on the same projection used by Piri Reis in 1513. The chart Christopher Columbus carried on his voyage would have resembled this projection.
Our adventure with the study of ancient maps began in the summer of 1977 when Charles Hapgood replied to an article we wrote outlining our belief that Antarctica was once the site of Atlantis. Wed concluded that Hapgoods theory of earth crust displacement was the missing link that could unravel the mystery of the lost island continent. Charles replied:
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Yusuf, Akcura Turkish Interest in America in 1513: Piri Reis Chart of the Atlantic inThe Illustrated London News, 23 July 1932, page 142.
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Christopher Columbus on Santa Maria in 1492 (1855) by Emanuel Leutze. (Public Domain)
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HOST: You say that these maps have been checked by the Hydrographic Office of the U.S. Navy?
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Eratosthenes, as imagined by a later artist. (Public Domain)
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Since Mallery had used the US Navy for his investigations Hapgood decided to get a second opinion from the Cartographic staff of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The U.S. Air Force investigation came to the same conclusions as the US Navy. They determined that the southern part of the map did in fact depict portions ofsub-glacialAntarctica.
1753 world map by the French cartographer Philippe Buache. (Public Domain)
The claim that the lower part of the map portrays the Princess Martha coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, and the Palmer Peninsula is reasonable. We find this the most logical and in all probability the correct interpretation of the map.
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I can readily understand why the headline and article itself could be confusing at first. The Piri Reis map is dated to 1513, but the contention of the article is that it must have been based on maps that were thousands of years older.
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This indicates the coast line had been mapped before it was covered by the ice cap.
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USAF Lt. Colonel Harold Z. Ohlmeyer wrote to Hapgood on the 6th of July 1960.
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After Kemal was killed during a naval battle in 1502 Piri Reis turned his back on the seafaring life and began a second career as a map maker. A perfectionist – Piri Reis would not tolerate the slightest error in his drawings – he created his famous map in 1513 using older source maps; including charts captured from Christopher Columbus. The Turks had boarded one of Columbuss ships before the crew had a chance to throw the charts into the sea; standard practice in a time when the contours of the planet remained veiled in mystery and maps held secrets that were invaluable to pirates, admirals, kings and queens.
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The geographic detail shown in the lower part of the map agrees very remarkably with the results of the seismic profile made across the top of the ice cap by the Swedish-British-Norwegian Expedition of 1949.
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HOST: As far as you are concerned, are they accurate?
If in fact Admiral Reis had access to ancient maps, who made those ancient maps? Genesis 10 narrates the genealogy of the descendents of Noah, and v. 25 tells of a descendent through Shem named Peleg, for in his days was the earth divided. Some believe the word divided can also be translated mapped or surveyed. In Genesis 9:1 God had commanded Noah and his family to go forth and replenish (other translations, fill) the earth. Could this have been the era in which expeditions went forth to explore and potentially colonize this post-Flood world? At the very least, we can be sure these people knew how to build a sea-worthy ship (the Ark). This might also explain why Antarctica might not have had an icecap in those early days after the Flood.
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I am astonished and delighted by your article which arrived here today. Believe it or not, it is thefirsttruly scientific exploration of my work that has ever been done. You have found evidence for crust displacement that I did not find.
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Captain Lorenzo W. Burroughs to Charles Hapgood, August 14, 1961, in Hapgoodop cit.page 244.
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One of Charles Hapgoods students told him about the radio broadcast. The Professor was immediately fascinated and decided to: investigate the map as thoroughly as I could4
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Asclepius was a demi-god son of Apollo who developed such incredible powers of healing under the tuition of both his father and the centaur Chiron, that even Zeus felt threatened that he might achieve immortality for mankind.
So where are those maps? My understanding is that Admiral Piri Reis spent much of his later life studying in the library of Constantinople (now Istanbul), and some of the contents of that library had been lost or destroyed during and after various conquests. Also, much of the library of Constantinople had been rescued from the library of Alexandria, probably the largest library in the ancient world with up to 1,000,000 volumes. Admiral Reis may have had access to ancient maps and other ancient information that we do not have today.
The headline is misleading as the map in question is from the 16th century A.D.
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Subglacial lakes identified beneath the Antarctic continent. /CC BY NC SA 3.0)
However, it would seem that you are not aware of a book I published in 1966 entitled Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings. Since you are considering presenting your article to the Royal Geographical Society (of which I was a member until I stopped paying my dues), you should examine this book, and I am mailing a copy of it to you.
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This is the Ancient Origins team, and here is our mission:To inspire open-minded learning about our past for the betterment of our future through the sharing of research, education, and knowledge.
The Tropic of Cancer. (CC BY SA 3.0)
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The Piri Reis map, like the Orantes Fineas map and the Mercator map that appear to be based on it, is in important piece of evidence. The hypothesis of a Biblical Flood may the best explanation of this and other evidence.
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In the July 23rd edition of the magazine Akcura Yusuf, President of the Turkish Historical Research Society, wrote a more detailed account. The author pointed out a significant fact: …the map in our possession is a fragment. If the Other fragments had not been lost, we should have had in our possession a Turkish chart drawn in 1513 representing the Old and New Worlds together.
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Mr. Warren, the host of the radio show, interviewed Mallery and M.I. Walters of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office:
The 1513 Piri Reis projection is just a fragment of the secret map that Columbus may have possessed. If the lost map of is ever found it should depict the entire globe using an equidistance projection centered on the ancient Egyptian city of Syene. (Author provided)
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