Originally, the oil was used exclusively for the priests and the Tabernacle articles, but its use was later extended to includeprophetsandkings(I Samuel 10:1). It was forbidden to be used on an outsider (Exodus 30:33) or to be used on the body of any common person (Ex. 30:32a) and theIsraeliteswere forbidden to duplicate any like it for themselves (Ex. 30:32b).
The early fathers and scholars mention the use of the holy myron, as well as a documentation by Abul-Barakat Ibn Kabar, a 14th-century Coptic priest and scholar, in his book Misbah az-Zulmah fi idah al-khidmah (The Lamp of Darkness in Clarifying the Service). According to his account, the holy apostles took from the spices that were used to anoint the body of Jesus Christ when he was buried,[49]added pure olive oil to it, and prayed over it in Upper Zion, the first church where the Holy Spirit fell in the upper room.
The holy anointing oil of the Coptic Church is referred to as the holy myron (myron meansmyrrh). Thelaying on of handsfor the dwelling of the Holy Spirit is believed to have been a specific rite of the apostles and their successors the bishops, and as the regions of mission increased, consequently numbers of Christian believers and converts increased. It was not possible for the apostles to wander through all the countries and cities to lay hands on all of those baptized, so they established anointment by the holy myron as an alternative, it is believed, for the laying on of the hands for the Holy Spirits indwelling.
Archived copy. Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2011
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
The holy muron is composed of olive oil and forty-eight aromas and flowers. The remaining portion of the previous blessed holy oil is poured into the newly prepared oil during the blessing ceremony and passes the blessing from generation to generation. It is said that this very procedure has been followed for nearly 1700 years. The Catholicos of all Armenians in Etchmiadzin combines a new mixture of holy muron in the cauldron every seven years using a portion of the holy muron from the previous blend. This is distributed to all of the Armenian churches throughout the world. Before Christianity, muron was reserved solely for the enthroning of royalty and for very special events. In later years, it was used with extreme unction and to heal the sick, and to anoint ordained clergy.[40]
Tchilingirian, Hratch. The Armenian Church.
Some[who?]believe in the continuity factor relative to the holy anointing oil.[10][11]Customs utilizing the continuity factor is found in many of the worlds religions. For example, early Jewish rabbis stressed the importance of the succession of classical semikhah[12]and the Catholic Church emphasized the importance of apostolic succession, the continuity of laying on of hands for ordination, in an unbroken chain.[13]The continuity factor relative to the holy anointing oil can be found in rabbinical judaism,[14][15]in the Armenian Church,[16]in the Assyrian Church of the East[17][18]in the Coptic Church,[19][20]in the Nazrani and Saint Thomas churches,[21]and others.
On the Function of the Holy Incense (Exodus XXX 34-8) and the Sacred Anointing Oil (Exodus XXX 22-33) C Houtman – Vetus Testamentum, 1992
Burmester, O. H. E., The Egyptian or Coptic Church, A Detailed Description of Her Liturgical Services and the Rites and Ceremonies Observed in the Administration of Her Sacraments, Cairo, 1967
The Hebrew termMessiah(in GreekChristos) means the anointed one, and relates to anyone anointed (dedicated to God). The person thus anointed might be a king, a priest, or a prophet.[4][5]
1.Sin offering2. Guilt offering
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2014
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6. Oil from the offering for the leper
In the Hebrew Bible, the Israelite way of life and cultural environment put great importance on the sense of smell for survival and was highly esteemed. It contributed to the ability of man to orient himself and to find his way in a world where life and death were permanently struggling. Where stench arose, he diagnosed the presence of disease, decay, rotting processes and death (Exodus 7:18)[8]and where pleasant aromas existed were places biologically clean and conducive to habitation and/or food production and harvesting. Spices and oils were chosen which assisted man in orienting himself and in creating a sense of safety as well as a sense of elevation above the physical world of decay. The sense of smell was also considered highly esteemed by deity. In Deuteronomy 4:28 and Psalms 115:5-6 the sense of smell is included in connection with the polemics against idols. In the Hebrew Bible God takes pleasure in inhaling the soothing odor (reah hannihoah) of offerings (Genesis 8:21 etc.).[9]
Maimonides(Yad, Kley HaMikdash1:3), in contrast, indicates that it was the Indian plant, rosha grass (Cymbopogon martinii), which resembles red straw. Many standard reference works on Bible plants byMichael Zohary(University of Jerusalem, Cambridge, 1985),James A. Duke(2010), andHans Arne Jensen(Danish 2004, English translation 2012) support this conclusion, arguing that the plant was a variety ofCymbopogon. James A. Duke, quoting Zohary, notes that it is hopeless to speculate about the exact species, but thatCymbopogon citratus(Indian lemon-grass) andCymbopogon schoenanthusare also possibilities.[64][65]Kaplan follows Maimonides in identifying it as theCymbopogon martiniior palmarosa plant.[63][66]
Page 36 ed. Shemaryahu Talmon – 1986 Extra-biblical sources show that the practise of anointing kings was common to many ancient Near-Eastern monarchies … that in Israel anointing was not a purely sacred act but also a socio-political one
The Torah instruction of the Kohanim
Khs-Burmester, Oswald Hugh Ewart. A Folio of a XIVth Century Ms. of the Rite of Consecration of the Chrism and the Kallielaion from the Monastery of Saint Macarius in Scetis. Studia Orientalia Christiana 9.-1 (1964): 223-231.
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16.Heave offering of the Levites tithe
quoted in Berardino, Encyclopedia of the Early Church, v. 1, p. 190
M.C.A. Korpel, A Rift in the Clouds, Ugaritic and Hebrew Descriptions of the Divine (Munster, 1990), pp. 99,105, 142, 419.
The Coptic Church informs that the fathers of the Church and scholars like St. Justin Martyr, Tertullian, St. Hippolytus, Origen, St. Ambrose, and St. Cyril of Jerusalem, spoke about the holy myron and how they received its use in anointing by tradition. For example, St. Hippolytus in his Apostolic Tradition, speaks of the holy oil according to ancient custom[46]Origen writes about the holy oil according to the tradition of the church[47]St. Cyril of Jerusalem goes into further detail in speaking about the grace of the Holy Spirit in the holy myron: this oil is not just any oil: after the epiclesis of the Spirit, it becomes charism of Christ and power of the Holy Spirit through the presence of the deity[48]
Publications de llnñitut dtudes Orientales de la Bibliothque Patriarcale dAlexandrie, Alexandrie, 1954, No. 3, pp. 52-58
The end of days: fundamentalism and the struggle for the Temple Mount, By Gershom Gorenberg
Theholy anointing oil(Hebrew: שמן המשחהshemen ha-mishchah, oil of anointing) formed an integral part of the ordination of thepriesthoodand theHigh Priestas well as in the consecration of the articles of theTabernacle(Exodus 30:26) and subsequenttemples in Jerusalem. The primary purpose ofanointingwith the holy anointing oil was to sanctify, to set the anointed person or object apart asqodesh, or holy (Exodus 30:29).
Molland, Einar. Irenaeus of Lugdunum and the Apostolic Succession. Journal of (1950).
It is said that when St. Mark went to Alexandria, he took with him some of the holy myron oil made by the apostles and that he used it in the sacrament ofChrism, as did the patriarchs who succeeded him. This continued until the era ofAthanasius the Apostolic, the 20th patriarch, who then decided to remake the myron in Alexandria. Hence, it is reported, he prepared all of the needed perfumes and spices, with pure olive oil, from which God ordered Moses to make the holy anointing oil as specified in the recipe in the thirtieth chapter of the book of Exodus. Then the sanctification of the holy myron was fulfilled in Alexandria, and Athanasius was entrusted with the holy oil, which contained spices which touched Jesuss body while it was in the tomb, as well as the original oil which had been prepared by the apostles and brought to Egypt by St. Mark. He distributed the oil to the churches abroad: to the See of Rome, Antioch and Constantinople, together with a document of its authenticity, and all of the patriarchs are said to have rejoiced in receiving it.[45]
History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600
Christianityhas continued the practice of using holy anointing oil as a devotional practice, as well as in various liturgies.[1]
Pharisees and the Sadducees: Rethinking Their Respective Outlooks on Jewish Law, GR Knight – BYU L. Rev., 1993 HeinOnline
Frand, Rabbi Yissocher, On Parshas Ki Sisa
Exodus 30:23 Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh five hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon half so much, even two hundred and fifty shekels, and of sweet calamus two hundred and fifty shekels. Scripturetext.com
The holy anointing oil of the Armenian Church is called the holy muron (muron meansmyrrh).[35]The church holds a special reverence for the continuity factor of the oil.[36][37][38]According to tradition, a portion of the holy anointing oil of Exodus 30, which Moses and Aaron had blessed, still remained in Jesus time. Jesus Christ blessed this oil and then gave some of it to Thaddeus, who took the holy oil to Armenia and healed King Abkar of a terrible skin disease by anointing him with the holy oil. Saint Thaddeus is said to have buried a bottle of the holy anointing oil in Daron under an evergreen tree. Saint Gregory the Illuminator discovered the hidden treasure and mixed it with muron that he had blessed. It is said that To this day, whenever a new batch of muron is prepared and blessed, a few drops of the old one go into it, so that the Armenian muron always contains a small amount of the original oil blessed by Moses, Jesus Christ, and Gregory the Illuminator.[38][39]
Shemen Afarsimon, oil of persimmon, in the Mishnah.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).East Syrian Rite.
Priestly turbanPriestly robe (Judaism)
Berardino, Angelo di, Encyclopedia of the Early Church, translated by Walford, A. Cambridge 1992
Zeitlin, Solomon. Hanukkah: Its Origin and Its Significance. The Jewish Quarterly Review (1938): 1-36
7. Bread from First Fruits8.Showbread
According to tradition,St. Thomaslaid the original foundation forChristianity in India. It is reported thatJewish communities already present in Indiaenticed Thomas to make his missionary journey there. It is said that he brought holyanointingoil with him and that theSt. Thomas Christiansstill have this oil to this day.[55]
The strange search for the ashes of the Red Heifer D. C. Browning – The Biblical archaeologist, 1996 ist.fr
11.Firstborn animal12.Firstfruits
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa, Tartib al-kahanut, manuscript.
EphodPriestly breastplatePriestly frontlet
The holy anointing oil described inwas created from:[2][3]
4. Fowl sin offering 5. Leftovers from the suspensive guilt offering
Both the Oil of Unction and theHoly Leavenare referred to as leaven although there is no actual leavening agent, so the nomenclature Holy Leaven seems to be a bit misleading. Yohanan bar Abgareh referred to it in 905 as did Shlemon d-Basra in the 13th century. Yohanan bar Zobee in the 14th century integrated the Holy Oil of unction with baptism and other rites. Isaaq Eshbadhnaya in the 15th century wrote the Scholion which is a commentary on specific theological topics. It tells us that John the Baptist gave John the Evangelist a baptismal vessel of water from Christs baptism, which was collected by John the Baptist from water dripping from Christ after his baptism in Jordan River. Jesus gave each disciple a loaf, at the Last Supper, but the Scholion informs us that to John he gave two with the instructions to eat only one and to save the other. At the crucifixion John collected the water from the Lords side in the vessel and the blood he collected on the loaf from the Last Supper. After the descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost the disciples took the vessel and mixed it with oil and each took a horn of it. The loaf they ground up and added flour and salt to it. Each took a portion of the holy oil and the holy bread which were distributed in every land by the hand of those who missionized there.[43][44]
ZadokShallumHilkiahJehoiada
The first who made the myron were the apostles who had kept the fragrant oils which were on the body of Jesus Christ during his burial, and they added the spices which were brought by those women who prepared them to anoint Christ, but had discovered he had been resurrected. They melted all these spices in pure olive oil, prayed on it in the upper room in Zion, and made it a holy anointing oil. They decided that their successors, the bishops, must renew the making of the myron whenever it is nearly used up, by incorporating the original oil with the new. Today the Coptic Church uses it for ordination, in the sanctification of baptismal water, and in the consecration of churches and church altars and vessels.
Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp
King, cult, and calendar in ancient Israel: collected studies
. Westminster John Knox Press. pp.179.ISBN978-0-664-22190-4.
Most lexicographers, botanists, and biblical commentators translatekeneh bosemas cane balsam.[59][60]The AramaicTargum Onkelosrenders the Hebrewkaneh bosemin Aramaic asqnei busma.[61]Ancient translations and sources identify this with the plant variously referred to as sweet cane, or sweet flag (nl. theSeptuagint, theRambamonKerithoth1:1,Saadia GaonandJonah ibn Janah). This plant is known to botanists asacorus calamus.[62]According toAryeh KaplaninThe Living Torah, It appears that a similar species grew in the Holy Land, in the Hula region in ancient times (Theophrastus,History of Plants9:7).[63]
Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, Commission on Inter-Church Relations and Education Development, Fifth Pro Oriente Non-official Consultation on Dialogue within the Churches of the Syriac Tradition: Sacraments in the Syriac Tradition Part II, 26 February to 1 March 2002; Vienna (Austria), The Sacrament of the Holy Leaven Malka and the Holy Oil
Jenner, H. (1912). East Syrian Rite. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company
This holy oil was then distributed among all of the apostles so that wherever they preached, new converts would be anointed with it as a seal. They also commanded that whenever a new batch of Holy Myron was made, they add to it the old holy myron to keep the first holy myron continually with all that would ever be made afterwards.
While sources agree about the identity of four of the five ingredients of anointing oil, the identity of the fifth, kaneh bosem, has been a matter of debate. The Bible indicates that it was an aromatic cane or grass, which was imported from a distant land by way of the spice routes, and that a related plant grows naturally in Israel.[57][58]Several different plants have been named as possibly being the kaneh bosem.
Patriarch Ya`qub, of the Syrian Malabar Nasrani Church, is remembered for his celebration of theliturgyand his humble encouragement to accept the simple way of life. After he consecrated sacredmyronin theMor Gabriel monasteryin 1964, holy myron flowed from the glass container the following day and many people were said to have been healed by it.[56]
Sahagun, Louis, The Los Angeles Times, 10/11/2008
Abu l-Barakat Ibn Kabar, Misbah az-Zulmah fi idah al-khidmah, Cairo, 1971
G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren; Heinz-Josef Fabry (January 2004).
According to the available resources, the holy myron in the Church of Egypt has been made 34 times.[50][51][52][53][54]
Abraham, Nyree, The Blessing of the Muron: Behind the Ritual
MacLean & Browne, The Catholicos of the East and his People, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1892. pages 247 & 248.
Other possible identifications have also been made.Sula BenetinEarly Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp(1967), identified it ascannabis.[67]Rabbi Aryeh Kaplannotes that On the basis of cognate pronunciation and Septuagint readings, some identify Keneh bosem with the English and Greekcannabis, the hemp plant. There are, however, some authorities who identify the sweet cane with cinnamon bark (Radak, Sherashim). Some say that kinman is the wood, and keneh bosem is the bark (Abarbanel).[68]Benet in contrast argued that equating Keneh Bosem with sweet cane could be traced to a mistranslation in theSeptuagint, which mistook Keneh Bosem, later referred to as cannabos in the Talmud, as kalabos, a common Egyptian marsh cane plant.[67]
Jones,ThD, Professor Vendyl, Researcher 17, March 2004
22.Dedication of property to a priest
One Jewish tradition teaches that the ashes of the last red heifer sacrificed were always mixed with the ashes of each new red heifer[22]The Temple Institute states, Some opinions maintain that the newer ashes were always mixed together with a combination of the previous ashes. One way of understanding this, is to the view this mixture of old and new ashes as being yet another precautionary measure… Additionally, mixing in the newer ashes we have produced now with those from olden times is a way of connecting through time with the original heifer that was slaughtered and prepared by Moses. As such, in a sense, it is a way of connecting with the level of Moses himself.[23][24]Since the last succession of ashes[25]of the red heifer were either hidden or lost after 70 AD[26]Vendyl Jones searched for the original ashes by following the map on the Copper Scroll that purports to tell the location, so that the old ashes can be added to the new, which serves to continue the continuity factor.[27]
Dukes Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible
Lewis, Hal M. From sanctuary to boardroom: A Jewish approach to leadership. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated, 2006.
The Assyrian Church has two types of holy oils; the one is ordinary olive oil, blessed or not blessed, the other is the oil of the Holy Horn which is believed to have been handed down from the apostles. The Holy Horn is constantly renewed by the addition of oil blessed by a bishop on Maundy Thursday. While most anyone can by tradition be anointed with the regular oil, the oil of the Holy Horn is restricted for ordination and sanctification purposes.
Anointing oil is used in Christianity. A passage in the New Testament says,
The Red Heifer, The Original Ashes, The Temple Institute
Abrahamian, Nyree, The blessing of the Muron: Behind the ritual
To the ancient Israelite there was no oil or fat with more symbolic meaning than olive oil. It was used as an emollient, a fuel for lighting lamps, for nutrition, and for many other purposes. It was scented olive oil that was chosen to be a holy anointing oil for theIsraelites.
There is a traditional Jewishmitzvahthat when makingchallahone should separate and set aside part of the dough. Some Jewish people remove a small piece of thechallahdough (the word challah means to remove) and give it away to someone else as a challah starter,[28]although according to traditional Jewish law, this piece may not be eaten under any modern day conditions, and must thus be destroyed in a dignified manner.[29]In one Jewish custom a portion of thechallahis set aside (refrigerated) until the making of newchallahwhen the old is added to the new. It is recorded in Exodus 30:31 And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, This shall be an holy anointing oil unto me throughout your generations. (Exodus 30:31). Commenting on this verse Rashi quotes a teaching of the Sages [Horiyos 11b] that the original Shemen HaMishcha that Moses made, to anoint the priesthood and the tabernacle furnishings, would remain intact in its entirety into the distant future (lasid lavoh). When the Temple was to be rebuilt they would then need that very same holy anointing oil to anoint the priests prior to their service in the Third Temple as well as to anoint the furnishings of the mishkan.[30]Vendyl Jones claimed that such a small quantity of oil (around a gallon) would not last that long. It is claimed that one juglet of oil lasted over 800 years.[31]To explain this discrepancy it is claimed that one of two things occurred: Either the container of holy anointing oil miraculously multiplied when supply became low (as did the cruse of oil mentioned in the story of Elijah and the widow woman[32]or the oil that lasted for eight days without being consumed during the Jewish Chanukka)[33]or, following ancient customs, new oil was added to the old thus continuing the original oil for all time.[34]
Customs varied in the cultures of the Middle East. However,anointing with special oilin Israel was either a strictly priestly or kingly right. When a prophet was anointed, it was because he was first a priest. When a non-king was anointed, such as Elijahs anointing ofHazaelandJehu, it was a sign that Hazael was to become king of Aram (Syria) and Jehu was to become king of Israel.[6]Extra-biblical sources show that it was common to anoint kings in manyancient Near Easternmonarchies. Therefore, in Israel, anointing was not only asacredact but also asocio-politicalone.[7]
Vernunft und alle Sinne: ine theologisch-ästhetische Betrachtung … – Page 122 Klaus Röhring – 2007 Die creme- und rosafarbenen Blten mischen sich auch farblich in dieses duftende Bouquet, sodass die Augen mitriechen können und sollen. Kalmus wird als fnfte der Pflanzen und Dfte genannt, hebräisch»keneh bosem«, Balsamschilf, …
19.Shoulder, cheeks and maw21.Redemption of a donkey
. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference
Exodus 30:23-25 – Passage Lookup – King James Version. BibleGateway.com
Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem
ספר העבודה – Volume 8,Numro 1 – Page 136 Moses Maimonides – 2007 One who willfully prepares anointing oil in this manner and with these measurements without adding or reducing [the quantity of the herbs] … In his Living Torah, Rav Aryeh Kaplan identifies this as the
Armenian Heritage, The Blessing of the Holy Muron
It is said by the Assyrian Church that the holy anointing oil was given and handed down to us by our holy fathers Mar Addai and Mar Mari and Mar Tuma. The holy anointing oil of the Assyrian Church is variously referred to as the Oil of the Holy Horn, the Oil of the Qarna, or the Oil of Unction. This holy oil is an apostolic tradition, believed to have originated from the oil consecrated by the apostles themselves, and which by succession has been handed down in the Church to this day.[41]The original oil which the disciples blessed began to run low and more oil was added to it. The Assyrian Church believes that this has continued to this very day with new oil being added as the oil level lowers. This succession of holy oil is believed to be a continuity of the blessings placed upon the oil from the beginning.[42]
As mentioned above, the continuity factor can be found inRabbinic Judaism, including that of the holy anointing oil.[14][15]
. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp.68.ISBN978-0-8028-2337-3.
EliAhimelechAbiathar
This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 21:13
in Rom. Comm. V, 8; quoted in Berardino, ibid.
Les institutions de I ancien testament
. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p.1117.ISBN29.
(Paris:Cerf, 1958); English 1965 – rep. Ancient Israel: its life and institutions – Page 104 1997 Was anointing, in Israel, a strictly royal rite? In IK 19: 15-16 God commands Elias to go and anoint Hazael, Jehu . . . and Eliseus. Hazael was to be king of Syria, Jehu would be anointed king of Israel by a disciple of Eliseus, .
5 October 2011 at theWayback Machine.
Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him sing psalms. Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord.
23. Field not redeemed in a Jubilee year24. The property of the foreigner with no heir.
Abrahamian, Nyree, The Blessing of the Muron:Behind the Ritual
Commentary on the Bible, by Adam Clarke
14. Parts of thethank offeringandNazirites offering
Plants of the Bible – Page 40 Harold Norman Moldenke, Alma Lance Moldenke – 1952 The Hebrew word involved is keneh (Ezekiel 27: 19; Song 4: 14) or, more fully, keneh bosem, meaning spiced or sweet cane (Exodus 30: 23) or keneh hattob or vkaneh hatov, meaning and the good cane (Jeremiah 6: 20).
Cat. 21, 3; quoted in Berardino, ibid.