256: the Persians/Sassanids defeat the Romans and conquer Dura Europus in Mesopotamia
88 BC: Central and Southern Italians are granted full citizenship
621: the Visigoths reconquer all of Spain from the Roman empire
550 BC: Servius Tullius builds city walls
126 BC: A law forbids Italians to emigrate to Roma
341 BC: Rome conquers Campania from the Samnites with its capital of Capua
253: Both the emperor Gallus and his successor Aemilianus are killed by their soldiers and are succeeded by the old Valerian who appoints his son Gallienus as co-emperor in the west
378: The Visigoths defeat the Roman army at Hadrianopolis/Adrianople
395: Alaric unifies the Goths of the Balkans (Visigoths) and invades Greece
376: Valens allows Visigoths to settle within the empire
534: Justinians general Belisarius destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals and reconquers southern Spain and northern Africa
295 BC: Roma defeats the Gauls/Celts in northern Italy
60 BC: Crassus, Pompey and Caesar form a triumvirate
194: Rome annexes Palmyra to the province of Syria
392: Theodosius fights a civil war against Western usurper Eugenius
105 BC: the Teutones and the Cimbri defeat the Romans at Arausio/Orange
299: The Sassanids surrender to Roman emperor Galerius, who annexes Armenia, Georgia and Upper Mesopotamia
540: Justinians general Belisarius takes Ravenna from the last Ostrogothic resistance and thus reconquers Italy to the empire
306: Constantius dies and his son Flavius Valerius Constantinus (Constantine) is acclaimed by the troops as new vice-emperor of Galerius, while the Praetorian Guard appoints Maximians son Maxentius emperor instead of Galerius choice Severus
95 AD: Domitian exiles all philosophers from Rome tbr>
29 BC: Gaius Octavius (Octavian) returns to Roma
397: Stilicho attacks his old friend Alaric, but lets him repeatedly escape, so that the Eastern emperor signs a deal with the Goths
286: Diocletian appoints Maximian to rule the West, with capital in Milano
197: Septimius Severus wins the civil war at the Battle of Lugdunum and reforms the Praetorian Guard with non-Italians
70 BC: Crassus and Pompey are elected consuls
31 BC: Gaius Octavius, whose navy is led by Marcus Agrippa, defeats Marcus Antonius at the battle of Actium ending the civil wars
249: The emperor Philip the Arab is killed in battle by a rebel king, Decius
380: Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire
443: the emperor grants Burgundi to settle in Savoy
532: Riots in Constantinople kill 30,000 people and almost dethrone Justinian
5 AD: Augustus general Tiberius submits the German tribes between the Rhine and the Elbe
203 BC: Roma organizes the northern colonies of Placentia and Cremona in the territory of the Gauls
103 BC: Athenion leads a slave revolt in Sicily
151 BC: Roman troops massacre Celts in Spain
167 BC: At the end of the Third Macedonian War the romans divide Macedonia into four republics
232 BC: Gaius Flaminius enacts an agrarian law ceding land of Northern Italy to poorer classes of citizens
71 BC: Crassus puts down Spartacus revolt and 6,000 slaves are crucified on the Via Appea
260: Valerian is captured by the Sassanid king Shapur I after the Battle of Edessa, the first Roman emperor to become a prisoner of war
272 BC: The Greek colony of Tarentum surrenders to Roma and soon all the remaining Greek colonies of southern Italy follow suit
536: the Ostrogoths surrender and Belisarius reconquers Rome (beginning of the Barbar wars in Italy)
42 BC: The religious cult of Julius Caesar is officially instituted by the Senate
230: The Sassanids invade Mesopotamia
568: Alboins Lombards invade northern Italy
33 BC: Marcus Agrippa is placed in charge of municipal works in Rome and proceeds to build hundreds of cisterns, fountains, and public baths
600 BC: Etruscans build the colossal tombs of Cerveteri
260 BC: the Roman senate authorizes the construction of a navy of triremes
53 BC: in the first war against Persia, Crassus is defeated and killed by the Parthians at Carrhae (Syria)
396 BC: Roma conquers the Etruscan city of Veii
63 BC: Cicero thwarts Catilinas attempted coup
132: Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Roma
293: Diocletian institutes the tetrarchy under which each emperor choose his successor ahead of time, and Diocletian chooses Galerius while Maximian chooses Constantius Chlorus
554: the new king of the Visigoths, Athanagild, accepts the emperors sovereignity over Spain
264 BC: Roma and Carthage fight the first Punic war
435: The Roman Empire signs a second peace treaty with the Huns
96 AD: Domitian is assassinated and the senate replaces him with the old Nerva, thus terminating the principle of heredity (for a century)
303: the thermae of Diocletian are built
110: the Basilica of Trajano is completed
376 BC: Licinius and Sextius propose laws to appease the Plebeians but the Senate postpones them indefinitely
116: Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and the Parthian capital Ctesiphon
244: Shapur I becomes king of the Sassanids and attacks Roma , and Gordian is assassinated by his soldiers while fighting that war
97 AD: Chinese general Pan Chao sends an embassy to the Roman Empire
367 BC: Licinius laws are finally enacted
308: Galerius appoints another emperor, Licinius
198: Septimius Severus enters the Parthian capital Ctesiphon and annexes the northern half of Mesopotamia
337: Constantine dies, and his sons split the empire: Constantine II (Spain, Britain, Gaul), Constans I (Italy, Africa, Illyricum, Macedon, Achaea) and Constantius II (the East)
275: Aurelian is killed by his officers and is succeeded by the old Tacitus who dies within months
23 AD: Sejanus plots to murder Tiberius son and heir Drusus
185: The freed slave Cleander is the de facto ruler of Commodus empire
283 BC: Roma establishes Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul) in nothern Italy
107: The Roman Empire sends an embassy to India
203: Christians are massacred in Carthage
138: Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repeals Hadrians anti-Jewish laws
90 BC: Central and Southern Italians start the social wars over the issue of citizenship
154 BC: The tribes of Lusitania rebel against Roma
313: Constantines ally Licinius defeats Maxentius ally Maximinus and becomes co-emperor in the East
366 BC: Lucius Sextius becomes the first plebeian consul
18 BC: Augustus enacts the Julian law of chastity and repressing adultery (Lex Iulia)
181 BC: the Gauls of northern Italy are definitely subjugated
500: Romas population has declined to less than 100,000 people
57 BC: Caesar conquers all of Gaul killing tens of thousands of people
: Tarquinius I becomes an Etruscan king of Roma
84 AD: British rebels are defeated by the Romans at the battle of Mons Graupius
554: the empire reorganizes Italy as an imperial province (end of the Barbar wars)
59 AD: Nero orders the assassination of his mother Agrippina
222 BC: the invading Gauls are defeated
5 AD: Roma acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain
276: Probus restores peace by repelling the last barbarians on Roman soil
63 BC: Pompeus captures Jerusalem and annexes Palestine to Roma
202: Septimius Severus expands the southern frontier of African Roma
68 AD: Gaul and Spain rebel against Nero and Nero commits suicide rather than falling into their hands, while Spanish governor Galba is pronounced the new emperor
49 AD: Agrippina and Pallas establish a reign of terror behind the back of the nominal emperor, Claudius
206 BC: Scipio defeats Carthage at Illipa
303: Diocletian and Maximian order a general persecution of the Christians, including the destruction of all churches (1,500 Christians will be killed in eight years) and burning of all Christian books
13 BC: Augustus expands the borders to the region of the Danube
169: the Roman empire is invaded by northern Germans
80 BC: Sulla retires to private life
509 BC: the last king (Tarquinius Superbus) is expelled and Roma becomes a republic
330: Constantine I moves the capital of the Roman empire to Constantinople (Byzantium)
12 AD: The last Etruscan inscription is carved
298 BC: Roma goes to war against the Samnites again
626: the Sassanids besiege Constantinople
274: The emperor Aurelian defeats the rebellious Gauls
395: Theodosius dies and the empire divides in a Western and Eastern Empires, with Milano and Constantinople as their capitals, granted to his minor sons Arcadius and Honorius but ruled by their advisors, Rufinus and general Flavius Stilicho
166: Lucius defeats the Parthians and destroys its capital Ctesiphon
600: Constantinople has 500,000 inhabitants
300: the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians)
273: The emperor Aurelian destroys the rebellious city of Palmyra in Zenobias kingdom
217: Caracalla, accompanied by his mother Julia, begins a campaign against the Parthians but is murdered in Edessa by his soldiers, while the head of the Praetorian Guard appoints himself emperor
326 BC: A new war begins against the Samnites
101 BC: consul Gaius Marius defeats the Cimbri at Vercelli, killing almost all of them
39 AD: Caligulas sisters Agrippina and Livilla plot to murder him but fail and are exiled
469: Attilas son Dengizich is captured and executed
19 AD: Tiberius adopted son Germanicus dies and his wife Agrippina moves to Roma with her children, including Caligula
258: Valerian persecutes Christians and even the pope, Sixtus II, is executed
255: The Goths invade Macedonia, Dalmatia and Asia Minor
54 AD: Claudius is assassinated by Agrippina and is succeeded by Agrippinas son Nero
261: The king of Palmyra, Odenathus, defeats the Sassanids on behalf of Roma, annexing Arabia, Anatolia and Armenia
213: Caracalla a campaign against the Alamanni
51 BC: The 18-year old Cleopatra is made co-ruler of Egypt with her ten-year old brother who also becomes her husband
202 BC: Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama and Roma annexes Spain
62 AD: The childless Nero divorces his loyal wife Octavia, who is beheaded, and marries the pregnant Poppaea while establishing a reign of terror
69 BC: Rome invades Tigranes Armenian kingdom and edstroys its capital, Tigranocerta
100: the city of Roma has one million inhabitants
308 BC: Roma conquers the Etruscan city of Tarquinia
271: The emperor Aurelian defeats the invading Germans
326: Constantine has his son Crispus and his wife Fausta Flavia Maxima executed
1 AD: Roma has about one million people
364: Valentinian delegates Valens as emperor of the East
101 BC: Roman troops massacre Athenions rebels
218 BC: Hannibal invades Italy and the Gauls of northern Italy ally with him
193: Septimius Severus seizes power, executes scores of senators, confiscates huge lands from the Italian aristocracy, and turns Roma into a military dictatorship
235: Alexander is assassinated by soldiers loyal to Julius Maximinus, general of the Pannonian legions, the beginning of a 50-year civil war
269: The Goths raid the Greek cities for a second time but are defeated by Roman emperor Claudius II
264 BC: the Romans destroy the last vestiges of the Etruscan civilization (Volsinies)
80 AD: the Romans invade Caledonia (Scotland)
488: emperor Zeno sends Theodorics Ostrogoths (still settled in Pannonia) to conquer Italy
209 BC: Scipio conquers Nova Carthago
438: An imperial decree sanctions the death penalty for homosexuals
269: Zenobia conquers Egypt expelling the Roman goernor
146 BC: Macedonia becomes a province of Roma
144 BC: The first high-level aqueduct is built
139 BC: Slave revolt in Sicily with the crucifixion of 4,500 slaves (First Servile War))
214 BC: War machines designed by Greek mathematician Archimedes save the city of Syracuse, an ally of Carthage, from a Roman naval attack
312: Constantine defeats Maxentius, becomes emperor of the West and disbands the Praetorian Guard
393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games because pagans and shuts down the temple of Zeus at Olympia
311: Galerius relaxes the ban on Christianity
387: Theodosius defeats Magnus Maximus
43 BC: A triumvirate is appointed with Marcus Antonius, the partner in Caesars fifth consulship, and Gaius Octavius, Caesars adopted son
450 BC: The Twelve Tables of the Roman law re enacted
207 BC: Rome defeats Carthages Hannibal at the Metaurus river
474 BC: the Greeks defeat the Etruscans at Cuma
49 BC: When the senate asks for his resignations, Ceasar crosses the Rubicon and invades Roma
164: The plague spreads throughout the Roman empire (Antonine plague)
32 BC: Marcus Antonius divorces his wife Octavia and marries Cleopatra
476: Odoacer, a mercenary in the service of Roma, leader of the Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, deposes the western Roman emperor and thereby terminates the western Roman empire
9 AD: Augustus general Tiberius defeats the Pannonians and Dalmatians
123 BC: Tiberiuss brother Gaius Gracchus enacts populist laws
215: Caracalla massacres the inhabitants of Alexandria
175 BC: the Celts of Spain are subjugated
212: Caracalla murders his brother Geta and sentences to death 20,000 of Getas followers
189 BC: Antiochus III, king of the Seleucids, is defeated at the battle of Magnesia and surrenders his possessions in Europe and Asia Minor
175: Aurelius defeats the German barbarians
401: Alaric invades Italy but is defeated by Stilicho (who lets him escape again)
261: Gallienus forbids aristocrats from serving in the army and relaxes the laws against Christianity
104 BC: Slave revolt in Sicily (second servile war)
106 BC: the Romans led by newly elected consul Marius defeat Jugurtha, king of Numidia
418: the emperor grants Wallias Visigoths the right to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France) in return for help against Vandals and Alans
359: Constantinople becomes the capital of the Roman empire
128 BC: Southern France (Aquitania) becomes a provinces of Rome
314: Constantine defeats Licinius and obtains all Roman Europe except Thracia, while Licinius keeps Africa and Asia
257: Valerian reconquers Syria from the Sassanids
284: Diocletian, the son of a Dalmatian slave, becomes emperor but rules from Nicomedia in the East
627: the Sassanid king Khusrau II is defeated by Roman emperor Heraclius at Niniveh
313: Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milano)
233: Alexander defeats the Sassanids
270: Claudius II dies of the plague and the army chooses Aurelian as the new emperor
217: The Baths of Caracalla are inaugurated
323: Constantine defeats Licinius again and becomes the sole emperor
312 BC: the first aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, is built
37 BC: Rome appoints Herod as king of Judea, who moves his capital to Caesarea, a pagan city under the protection of the goddess Tyche/Fortuna
253: Gallienus becomes emperor but 30 tyrants carved out their own kingdoms around the empire
266: Odenathus is assassinated and his wife Zenobia becomes the new ruler of Syria
260: Gallienus becomes the sole emperor
305: Diocletian and Maximian abdicate in favor of Galerius and Constantius, but civil war erupts again
67 BC: Pompey launches a campaign against pirates of Cilicia and is given dictatorial powers by the Senate
64 BC: Syria becomes a Roman province under general Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius)
161: Antoninus dies and his heir designate Marcus Aurelius, a philosopher, becomes Roman emperor with Lucius Verus as co-emperor, the first time that Roma is ruled by two emperors
187: The Libyan-born the general of the Pannonian legions, Septimius Severus, who was raised in a Phoenician family and studied philosophy in Athens, marries Julia Domna, a descendant of the high kings of the temple of Baal in Syria
220 BC: A law forbids senators from entering into business
208: Septimius Severus begins a campaign in Britain
578 BC: Tarquinius Priscus builds the Cloaca Maxima, the first sewer
526: Antioch in Syria is destroyed by an earthquake
537: Justinian builds the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
113 BC: Germanic tribes Cimbri and Teutones defeat the Romans and invade Gaul and Spain
529: Roman emperor Justinian shuts down the Academia of Plato
321 BC: At the Battle of Caudine Forks Rome is defeated by the Samnites
311: Galerius dies leaving Maxentius and Constantine to fight for the throne of the West
602: the Persians (Sassanids) attack the eastern Roman empire in Asia Minor
295: The Sassanids invade the Eastern empire again
50 AD: the Romans found Londinium in Britain
136: Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina
2 AD: Augustus, whose sons have died, chooses Tiberius as his adopted son
98 BC: Roman troops massacre Spaniards
171 BC: The Third Macedonian War begins when Perseus attacks Roma
31 AD: Tiberius survives a plot by Sejanus who is killed
192: the Praetorian Guard kills emperor Commodus
211: Septimius Severus is the last emperor to die of natural causes until 284, most of the others being murdered by the Praetorian Guard or the soldiers and all of them reigning an average of three years
182: Upon discovering a conspiracy against him, Commodus establishes a new reign of terror
73 BC: Spartacus leads the revolt of the gladiators (third servile war)
251: Decius is killed in battle by the Goths
88 BC: Sulla marches on Roma to seize power from Marius, the first time that a Roman army invades Roma
427: Gensenrics Vandals crosses the strait of Gibraltar and lands in Africa
219: Julia Maesa, Julia Domnas sister, leads a Syrian army that defeats the imperial army and installs her teenager grandson Varius Avitus (Elagabalus), a Syrian priest of Baal, as emperor, but Maesa is the de facto ruler while Elagabalus worships a conical black stone representing Baal as the supreme god
70 AD: Vitellius and his followers are defeated by Vespasian, the general of the Egyptian legions, who becomes the new emperor
356: Roma has 28 libraries, 10 basilicas, 11 public baths, two amphitheaters, three theaters, two circuses, 19 aqueducts, 11 squares, 1,352 fountains, 46,602 insulae (city blocks)
133 BC: Tiberius Gracchus enacts a law to redistribute land to the poor farmers but is assassinated with 300 of his supporters
542: the plague decimates the Empire
102 BC: consul Gaius Marius defeats the Teutonic army at Aquae Sextiae/ Aix-en-Provence, killing about 100,000 of them
211: Septimius Severus dies in Britain and is succeeded by his sons Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla) and Geta
285: Diocletian, proclaiming himself the human manifestation of Jupiter, reunites the empire and ends the 50-year civil war
486 BC: The consul Spurius Cassius proposes land redistribution to the poor but the patricians murder him
238: Maximinus is assassinated by his own soldiers and dies without ever having visited Roma, while the senate declares Maximus the new emperor, but he is in turn promptly assassinated by the Praetorian Guard that appoints the ten-year old Gordian III
402: the western Roman empire moves the capital from Milano to Ravenna
272 BC: a second aqueduct, the Anio Vetus, is built
37 AD: Tiberius is murdered and the mad Caligula succeeds him, the only surviving son of Agrippina
407: Roman general Stilicho (of Vandal descent) stops the Vandals on their way to Italy
95 BC: The city of Roma expels all non-Roman citizens (except slaves)
81 AD: Titus dies and is succeeded by his brother Domitian
197 BC: Philip V of Greece is defeated by the Romans at Kynoskephalai/ Cynoscephalae
324: Constantine I founds a new city, Constantinople (Byzantium)
222: The Praetorian Guard murders Elagabalus and installs as emperor Elagabalus cousin Alexianus (Alexander Severus), also a grandson of Maesas, and another teenager, with real power in the hands of his mother Julia Mamaea, who restores Jupiter as supreme Roman god, restores the power of the senate, and restores morality by banning homosexuals and prostitutes
494 BC: Plebeians rebel against the patricians, the beginning of the class wars
14 AD: Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor, appointing Sejanus chief of the Praetorian Guard
46 BC: Ceasar defeats an army of Pompeians and Numidians at the battle of Thapsus
135 BC: Second slave revolt in Sicily (first servile war)
280 BC: Roma is defeated by Pyrrhus of Epirus at Heraclea
65 AD: Nero forces Seneca to commit suicide
139: Hadrians mausoleum (Castel SantAngelo) is built
133 BC: Attalus III of Pergamum wills his kingdom to Roma and the whole Mediterranean Sea is under Roman control (mare nostrum)
162: The British Celts revolt, and Parthia declares war on Roma
287 BC: The Lex Hortensia makes plebiscites (laws passed by the Assembly in which plebeians outnumber patricians) binding for the Senate of the patricians
360: pagan (Mithraist) general Julian (the apostate) defeats an invasion of Barbarians and is declared emperor by his German troops
610: Heraclius I (son of the Orthodox bishop of Africa) overthrows the tyrant Phocas, becomes emperor and establishes Greek as the official language
181 BC: Aquileia is founded on the head of the Adriatic
275 BC: Roma defeats Pyrrhus and conquers most of southern Italy
20 BC: a treaty between Roma and Persia (Parthians) fixes the boundary between the two empires along the Euphrates river (Iraq)
383: Theodosius splits the empire in a Western and Eastern regions, granted to his infant sons Arcadius and Honorius , while civil war erupts against the Western usurper Magnus Maximus
55 BC: Caesar fights German tribes and crosses the Rhine
260: The plague spreads thoughout the Roman empire, decimating its population
87 BC: Octavius and Cinna are elected consuls, but Octavius, defender of the optimates and ally of Sulla, is killed by Marius when he opposes Cinna, defender of the populares, along with many Sulla supporters
554: Rome is reduced to a camp of about 30,000 people, while Constantinople has about one million people
274: The emperor Aurelian defeats Zenobia and brings her as a hostage to Roma, reuniting the eastern empire
537: Justinians general Belisarius deposes pope Silverius and replaces him with pope Vigilius
313: the Basilica of Maxentius is completed
100 BC: Lucius Saturninuns proposes Gracchian reforms but is killed by Marius troops
552: End of Ostrogothic resistance in Italy
117: Trajan dies on his way to the Persian Gulf and Hadrian, his wifes lover, becomes emperor
12 BC: Augustus becomes pontifex maximus
250: The emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians that also kills the bishop of Roma
380: The Visigoths defeat the Roman army in Macedonia
106: Trajan captures the Nabataean capital Petra (Jordan) and turns Nabataea into the province of Arabia
122: Hadrians Wall is built along the northern frontier to protect from the Barbarians
121 BC: Gaius Gracchus, cornered, commits suicide and thousands of his followers are killed by the Senate
212: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship on all free people who live in the Roman Empire, but only to subject them to the same taxes
71 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus is conquered by Roman general Lucius Lucullus
26 AD: Tiberius leaves Roma, leaving Sejanus de facto running the empire
533: Justinians code of law (Corpus Juri Civilis) is published
295 BC: Roma defeats the Samnites at Sentinum
180: Aurelius dies and his teenager son Commodus succeeds him, thus restoring the heredity rule
406: Radagaisus is captured and executed
48 AD: Claudius wife Messalina is executed for conspiring to overthrow her husband and Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger, daughter of Agrippina, who is actually the lover of his advisor Pallas
48 BC: Ceasar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and becomes sole dictator of Rome, calling himself imperator
52 BC: Clodius, the main defender of the plebeians/the Pompeian party, is assassinated by his rival Milo
167: the Roman empire is attacked for the first time by barbarians (the German Quadi and Marcomanni)
527: Byzantium enforces anti-Jewish laws and the Jews all but disappear from the eastern Roman Empire
111 BC: Roma declares war on Numidia
46 AD: Thracia becomes a Roman province
70 AD: Titus destroys Jerusalem and Jews spread in Armenia, Iraq, Iran, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain and Greece
2 AD: The Forum of Augustus is inaugurated
69 AD: Galba is murdered by the Praetorian Guard that has been bribed by Otho but the general of the German legions, Vitellius, invades Italy and claims the empire
338 BC: Rome dissolves and annexes the Latin League
546: Visigothic rebels led by Totila sack Roma
178: Aurelius and his son Commodus fight the Third Marcomannic War against the German barbarians
340 BC: Rome fights the Latin League, including the Samnites
390: An imperial decree sanctions the death penalty for male prostitutes (to be burned alive)
98 AD: Nerva dies and his designated heir Trajan becomes emperor
406: Vandals and Alans invade France from the north
64 AD: Nero sets fire to Roma and blames the Christians for it
405: Radagaisus leads a Gothic raid into Italy
263: The Goths raid Ephesus and destroy the Temple of Arthemis, one of the seven wonders
149 BC: Roma conquers Greece after winning the battle of Corinth (and destroying Corinth)
106: Trajan defeats Dacia that becomes a Roman province
258: Postumus declares the independence of Gaul
614: the Persians (Sassanids) raid Jerusalem and destroy its churches
268: Gallienus is assassinated by his own officers
190: In another round of executions Commodus has Cleander himself killed
51 BC: Caesar crushes revolt of Vercingetorix in Gaul
41 AD: Caligula is assassinated and the Praetorian Guard appoints Claudius as emperor, Germanicus brother and Agrippinas brother-in-law, so Agrippina can return to Roma
430: The Roman Empire signs a first peace treaty with the Huns
425: the eastern emperor Theodosius II installs Valentinian III as emperor of the west
9 AD: Gothic warlord Arminius destroys the Roman army at the Teutoburg Forest and Roma withdraws the border to the Rhine
82 BC: By winning the battle at Porta Collina, Sulla reconquers Roma, executes thousands of political enemies including 40 senators and becomes dictator establishing a reign of terror and enacting aristocratic laws
214: Caracalla murders King Abgar IX of Edessa and declares Edessa a Roman colony
527: Justinian becomes eastern Roman emperor and decides to reconquer Italy
79 AD: Vespasianus dies and is succeeded by his son Titus Flavius Vespasianus
216 BC: Hannibal defeats Rome at Cannae
68 BC: Julius Caesar is appointed to Spain
552: Nestorian monks smuggle silkworm eggs from China to Byzanthium
177: Aurelius orders the persecution of sects like the Christians and the slave girl Blandina is tortured to death
282: Probus is assassinated by his soldiers
79 AD: the Vesuvius erupts and Pompeii is buried under ash
47 BC: Ceasar invades Egypt and proclaims Cleopatra queen (ethnically a Macedonian Greek)
363: Julian dies attempting to invade the Sassanid kingdom of Persia, which recaptures Nisibis and Armenia, and general Valentinian becomes emperor
45 BC: Julius Caesar employs the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes to work out a new 12-month calendar (Julian calendar)
493: the Ostrogoths led by Theodoric conquer Italy
97 AD: Rome forbids human sacrifice throughout the Roman empire
168 BC: The Romans defeat Philip Vs son Perseus at Pydna and end the Antigonid dynasty
30 BC: Both Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra commit suicide and Egypt is annexed to Roma
50 BC: Roma introduces the gold coin aureus
27 BC: Gaius Octavius appoints himself augustus (the first emperor) and founds the Praetorian Guard
36 BC: Gaius Octavius defeats Sextus Pompey and the senate appoints him tribune for life
450: Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople)
14 AD: five million people live in the Roman empire
382: Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with Tervingi (later Visigoths) and Greuthungi (later Ostrogoths)
7 AD: Augustus expands the borders to the Balkans
300 BC: A plebeian rises to priesthood for the first time